In this view it is easy to see many more of the insect emergence holes.  Notice the D-shape to them.  The larger holes and scraped bark were accomplished by woodpeckers which feed on the insects. The D-Shaped holes indicate that many EAB were able to complete their life cycle and emerge as adults without attack by woodpeckers, which extracted probably less than 10% of the EAB larve.  Also, if you look closely, you could spot many more D-shaped holes in the adjacent bark.  These are all clues to the ash decline in Michigan. (Fig. 9a.)

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 David L. Roberts, Ph.D.
  Michigan State University Extension Southeast
  28115 Meadowbrook Rd., Novi, MI  48377-3128
Campus:
  Michigan State University
  A159 Plant & Soil Sciences
  East Lansing, MI  48824-1359
  For comments or questions email:  robertsd@msu.edu

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